




Last Updated: November 2025
Reading Time: 9 minutes
Author: Papacko Content Team
Your coffee shop served 800 drinks daily with premium single-origin beans and expertly crafted latte art, only to receive 120+ weekly complaints about lids popping off during transit (15% complaint rate), 85 incidents of customers burned from inadequate insulation contact, and a viral TikTok video showing your branded cup leaking in a customer’s car—garnering 450,000 views and destroying months of brand-building investment. The $0.04 lid choice cost you $8,000 in refunds, 200+ lost customers, and immeasurable reputation damage.
Disposable coffee lids aren’t just caps—they require precise rim compatibility (0.5mm tolerance preventing 90% of pop-off failures), spill-resistant design (dome height and sip-hole engineering reducing leaks by 75-85%), material temperature resistance (PP withstanding 95-100°C without deformation vs PS failing at 85°C), and safety certifications (FDA food contact compliance preventing migration of harmful chemicals). The difference between commodity lids and professionally engineered options can mean 10-20% customer complaint rates vs <2% for quality-matched systems.
In this guide, you’ll learn:
•Cup-lid compatibility: rim diameter and tolerance requirements
•Spill-proof design features: dome geometry and sip-hole engineering
•Material comparison: PP vs PS vs PLA performance and safety
•Temperature resistance: heat tolerance and insulation considerations
•Safety certifications: FDA compliance and migration testing
•Common lid failures and prevention strategies
•Cost-benefit analysis of lid quality tiers
💡 Quick Takeaway: Disposable coffee lids require precise cup compatibility (rim diameter ±0.5mm tolerance, 80mm for 8oz, 90mm for 12oz, 95mm for 16oz), spill-resistant features (dome height 18-25mm, cross-cut or plug sip-hole design), and heat-resistant materials (PP withstands 95-100°C, PS 80-85°C, PLA 75-80°C).
Cost: $0.03-0.08 per lid depending on material and features.
Critical specs: snap-fit security (withstands 45° tilt without popping), leak-proof seal (<5% failure rate), FDA compliance for food contact.
Best for: coffee shops prioritizing customer safety, delivery operations requiring secure transit, brands where spills damage reputation disproportionately to lid cost savings.
Proper lid-cup matching prevents 80-90% of pop-off and leak failures—the #1 source of customer complaints.
Standard Cup Sizes and Corresponding Rim Diameters:
8oz (240ml) Cup:
•Rim Diameter: 80mm (±0.5mm tolerance)
•Lid Specification: “80mm coffee lid” or “8oz compatible”
•Market Standard: 95% of 8oz cups globally use 80mm rim (high standardization)
12oz (360ml) Cup:
•Rim Diameter: 90mm (±0.5mm tolerance)
•Lid Specification: “90mm coffee lid” or “12oz compatible”
•Market Standard: 90% standardization (some regional variations 89-91mm)
16oz (480ml) Cup:
•Rim Diameter: 95mm (±0.5mm tolerance)
•Lid Specification: “95mm coffee lid” or “16oz compatible”
•Market Standard: 85% standardization (more variation than smaller sizes)
20oz+ (600ml+) Cup:
•Rim Diameter: 95-100mm (varies by manufacturer)
•Lid Specification: Verify exact rim diameter with calipers
•Market Standard: 60-70% standardization (significant manufacturer variation)
Why Precision Matters:
•Too Tight (rim 0.5mm+ larger than lid): Lid doesn’t snap on, requires excessive force → rim deformation → poor seal
•Too Loose (rim 0.5mm+ smaller than lid): Lid pops off easily during handling → spills, customer complaints
•Optimal: Lid inner diameter 0-0.3mm larger than rim → secure snap-fit, easy application, reliable seal
Testing Protocol Before Bulk Orders:
1.Measure Cup Rim: Use digital calipers (±0.01mm precision), measure 3 points around rim, average the readings
2.Request Lid Samples: Order 50-100 lids from potential supplier before committing to 50,000+ bulk order
3.Snap-Fit Test: Apply lids to cups, perform 45° tilt test (hold cup at 45° angle for 10 seconds, lid should not pop off)
4.Pressure Test: Fill cup with hot water (85-90°C), snap lid, shake vigorously 20 times → no leaks = pass
5.Verify Consistency: Test 20+ lid-cup combinations (checking for manufacturing variance across batch)
Universal Lids (Multi-Size Compatible):
•Design: Stepped inner rim fitting 2-3 cup sizes (e.g., 80mm/90mm dual-fit)
•Advantages: Lower inventory complexity (1 lid SKU for 2 cup sizes), reduced ordering errors
•Disadvantages: Compromise fit (never perfect for either size), 10-15% higher pop-off rate vs dedicated lids
•Cost: $0.04-0.06 per lid (moderate pricing)
•Best For: Low-volume operations (<500 cups/day), limited storage space
Dedicated Lids (Single-Size Specific):
•Design: Precision-molded for exact rim diameter (e.g., 90mm only)
•Advantages: Optimal fit (2-3% pop-off rate vs 12-18% for universal), superior customer experience
•Disadvantages: Requires separate inventory for each cup size, risk of using wrong lid during rush
•Cost: $0.03-0.05 per lid (slightly cheaper due to simpler design)
•Best For: High-volume operations (500+ cups/day), delivery-focused (where spills very costly)
Lid geometry determines leak resistance during transit and consumption—critical for delivery and commuter customers.
High-Dome Lids (18-25mm height):
•Purpose: Creates airspace preventing liquid contact with lid during movement
•Physics: Liquid slosh in moving vehicle → airspace absorbs movement energy → less liquid hits lid surface → fewer leaks through sip-hole
•Leak Reduction: 60-75% fewer leaks vs flat lids during 30-min car transit
•Disadvantages: Taller profile (harder to stack), uses 15-20% more plastic (higher cost)
•Cost: $0.05-0.08 per lid
•Best For: Delivery orders, commuter traffic, any scenario involving vehicle movement
Flat/Low-Profile Lids (8-12mm height):
•Purpose: Minimal height for stackability in storage/transport
•Leak Performance: Adequate for stationary consumption, 40-60% leak rate during movement
•Advantages: Easy stacking (10-15% more lids per storage box), lower plastic use (cheaper)
•Cost: $0.03-0.05 per lid
•Best For: Dine-in service, office catering (stationary consumption), cost-sensitive operations
Cross-Cut Tear-Back (Most Common):
•Design: X-shaped cut forming 4 triangular flaps, customer tears back to create opening
•Advantages: Fully closable when not sipping (flaps return to position), lowest leak rate when closed (1-2%)
•Flow Rate: Moderate (0.8-1.2 oz/second sip rate)
•Customer Action Required: Must tear flaps back before first sip (10-15% of customers don’t realize, try to sip through closed flaps → frustration)
•Cost: $0.03-0.05 per lid (standard pricing)
Pre-Opened Plug Hole:
•Design: Small circular opening (6-10mm diameter) with removable plug tab
•Advantages: Clear customer interaction (pull tab to open), controlled opening size (less spill risk than large tear-back)
•Flow Rate: Slow-moderate (0.5-0.9 oz/second, depends on hole size)
•Leak Rate: 3-5% when plug removed (slightly higher than cross-cut when properly closed)
•Cost: $0.04-0.06 per lid (plug mechanism adds complexity)
Reclosable Slider Lid:
•Design: Sliding mechanism opening/closing sip-hole (similar to water bottle sport cap)
•Advantages: Truly leak-proof when closed (0.5-1% failure rate), multiple open/close cycles without degradation
•Customer Appeal: Premium perception, convenience for multi-sip consumption (commuters, drivers)
•Flow Rate: Moderate-fast (1.0-1.5 oz/second when fully open)
•Cost: $0.08-0.12 per lid (+60-140% vs basic cross-cut)
•Best For: Premium coffee brands, delivery services where spills are brand disasters
Internal Rim Baffle:
•Design: Raised circular ridge on lid underside (3-5mm height) positioned 5-8mm from outer edge
•Function: Disrupts liquid flow during slosh events → prevents liquid from directly hitting sip-hole
•Performance: Reduces splash-through by 40-60% during movement
•Cost: Minimal (integrated into mold design, no material increase)
Overfill Protection Notch:
•Design: Small relief notch opposite sip-hole (allows pressure release if overfilled)
•Function: If cup filled too high (barista error), pressure vents through notch instead of popping entire lid off
•Damage Control: Controlled small leak vs catastrophic full lid failure
•Cost: None (design feature, no added cost)
Lid material directly impacts temperature resistance, structural integrity, and food contact safety.
Thermal Performance:
•Heat Resistance: 95-100°C continuous contact (suitable for all coffee temperatures)
•Deformation Temperature: 130°C+ (no warping or softening from hottest espresso drinks)
•Cold Resistance: Down to -20°C (suitable for iced coffee without brittleness)
Structural Properties:
•Rigidity: High (maintains dome shape under pressure, doesn’t collapse during stacking)
•Snap-Fit Strength: Excellent (3-5kg force required to pop off when properly applied)
•Durability: Crack-resistant (survives 1m drop without shattering)
Food Safety:
•FDA Compliance: CFR Title 21 approved for food contact up to 100°C
•Migration Testing: <0.01 ppm chemical migration at 95°C (well below safety limits)
•BPA-Free: Naturally BPA-free (PP chemistry doesn’t require BPA plasticizers)
Environmental:
•Recyclability: Resin code #5 (recyclable in 60-70% of US curbside programs)
•Petroleum-Based: Non-renewable feedstock (but recyclable)
Cost: $0.05-0.08 per lid (premium pricing justified by performance)
Best For: Hot beverage operations, delivery services, premium brands prioritizing safety and reliability
Thermal Performance:
•Heat Resistance: 80-85°C continuous contact (adequate for most drip coffee, risky for espresso drinks 90-95°C)
•Deformation Temperature: 95°C (softens/warps with very hot beverages → poor seal → leaks)
•Warning: Not suitable for extra-hot drinks (140°F/60°C+ milk-based lattes, americanos)
Structural Properties:
•Rigidity: Moderate (dome can collapse under stacking pressure if stored improperly)
•Snap-Fit Strength: Moderate (2-3kg force to remove, lower than PP → higher pop-off rate 8-12% vs PP 2-4%)
•Durability: Brittle (cracks/shatters more easily than PP during rough handling)
Food Safety:
•FDA Compliance: CFR Title 21 approved for food contact up to 85°C
•Migration Concern: Styrene migration increases above 80°C (though still within FDA limits at normal coffee temps)
•BPA-Free: Yes (PS doesn’t use BPA)
Environmental:
•Recyclability: Resin code #6 (only 10-15% of US curbside programs accept, limited recycling infrastructure)
•Landfill Impact: Non-biodegradable, persists 500+ years
Cost: $0.03-0.05 per lid (25-40% cheaper than PP)
Best For: Budget operations, iced coffee only, dine-in scenarios (no transit risk)
Thermal Performance:
•Heat Resistance: 75-80°C maximum (adequate for most drip coffee 70-80°C, marginal for espresso-based 85-90°C)
•Deformation Temperature: 60°C (softens quickly, not suitable for extra-hot or double-cupped drinks)
•Critical Limitation: Cannot handle 90°C+ beverages without warping/losing seal
Structural Properties:
•Rigidity: Moderate (similar to PS, prone to collapse under pressure)
•Snap-Fit Strength: Lower than PP (higher pop-off rate, especially when warm liquid inside cup softens lid rim)
•Temperature-Dependent: Performance degrades as beverage temp increases
Food Safety:
•FDA Compliance: Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) for food contact
•Migration: Minimal (plant-based polymer, no BPA or styrene concerns)
•Allergen Consideration: Corn-derived (potential issue for corn allergy customers, though rare)
Environmental:
•Compostability: Commercial composting only (90-180 days at 55-60°C facilities)
•Infrastructure Gap: Only 27% of US has commercial composting access (most PLA lids go to landfill anyway)
•Home Compost: Not suitable (requires industrial temperatures)
•Renewable Feedstock: Plant-based (corn, sugarcane) vs petroleum
Cost: $0.06-0.10 per lid (+50-100% vs PS, +20-40% vs PP)
Best For: Eco-conscious brands in CA/OR/WA (strong composting infrastructure), moderate-temperature beverages only
#### Material Performance Comparison
Lid material must withstand beverage temperature while protecting customers from burns during sipping.
Standard Coffee Serving Temperatures:
•Drip Coffee: 70-80°C (160-175°F) at service
•Espresso-Based (Lattes, Cappuccinos): 65-75°C (150-170°F) with steamed milk
•Extra-Hot Requests: 80-90°C (175-195°F) when customers request “extra hot”
•Safety Threshold: 60°C (140°F) can cause mouth burns within 1-2 seconds
Problem: Direct Contact Burns:
•Physics: Hot liquid touches lips/tongue immediately at sip-hole (no cooling air gap)
•Injury Risk: Beverages >75°C cause 2nd-degree burns in <3 seconds of mouth contact
•Customer Expectation: Lid should allow comfortable sipping without testing temperature first
Design Solution: Sip-Hole Cooling Channels:
•Mechanism: Extended sip-hole channel (5-8mm length) creates surface area for heat dissipation
•Performance: Reduces liquid temperature by 3-5°C during flow through channel (75°C → 70-72°C)
•Psychological Benefit: Forces slower sip rate (narrow channel → slower flow → less volume per sip → lower burn risk)
•Cost: Minimal (integrated into lid mold design)
Cup Insulation vs Lid Insulation:
•Double-Walled Cups: Air gap between inner/outer cup wall provides insulation (hand doesn’t feel heat)
•Lid Role: Must insulate sip-hole area (otherwise customer burns mouth even though hand comfortable holding cup)
•Mismatch Problem: Great cup insulation + poor lid insulation = false safety signal → customer sips too aggressively → burns
Solution: Insulated Lid Features:
•Double-Layer Sip-Hole: Two plastic layers with air gap at drinking opening
•Extended Channel: Longer sip-hole tunnel (8-12mm vs standard 3-5mm) increases cooling
•Cost: +$0.02-0.04 vs standard lids (specialized design)
•Best For: Premium coffee shops using double-walled cups, brands prioritizing customer safety
Understanding failure modes prevents the majority of customer complaints and safety incidents.
Cause: Rim diameter mismatch (cup rim 0.5mm+ smaller than lid inner diameter)
Frequency: 10-18% of incidents with universal lids, 2-4% with dedicated lids
Prevention:
•Verify Compatibility: Measure cup rim with calipers before bulk lid ordering
•Snap-Fit Test: 45° tilt test (lid should not pop off during vigorous shaking)
•Training: Baristas should hear/feel distinct “snap” when properly applying lid (if not, reposition)
Cause: Inadequate dome height (liquid contacts lid surface during movement) + large sip-hole opening
Frequency: 25-40% of delivery complaints with flat lids, 5-10% with high-dome lids
Prevention:
•Use High-Dome Lids: 18-25mm dome height for all delivery/commuter orders
•Reclosable Options: Slider lids or plug-hole designs (customer can fully seal during transit)
•Fill Level: Never fill beyond 1cm from rim (reduces slosh amplitude)
Cause: PS or PLA lids used with 90°C+ beverages (above material heat resistance threshold)
Frequency: 5-12% with PS lids for extra-hot drinks, 15-25% with PLA lids for espresso-based
Prevention:
•Material Match: PP lids mandatory for all hot beverages 85°C+ (extra-hot requests, double-shots)
•Temperature Policy: Set maximum serving temperature at 80°C for PS/PLA lid compatibility
•Visual Check: Train staff to reject deformed lids before customer handoff
Cause: Barista applies excessive force during lid application (often during rush periods) → cup rim cracks → seal compromised
Frequency: 3-8% with thin-walled cups (single-wall 8oz), <1% with thick-walled or double-walled cups Prevention:
•Proper Training: Lid application requires firm pressure but not excessive force (1-2kg, not 5kg+)
•Cup Quality: Use 250-280 GSM paperboard minimum for cup rim (thinner paperboard cracks easily)
•Alignment First: Center lid before applying pressure (reduces lateral forces that crack rims)
Understanding total cost of ownership reveals that premium lids often deliver better economics than budget options.
Unit Cost: $0.03-0.05 per lid
Failure Rate: 12-18% (pop-offs, leaks, deformation combined)
Customer Complaint Rate: 8-12% (failures during transit, sipping discomfort)
Replacement Cost: 12% × 800 daily cups × $4 average drink = $384/day = $11,520/month in remakes
Reputation Cost: Negative reviews, social media complaints (unquantified but substantial)
Total Cost per 1000 Cups:
•Material: $30-50
•Failures: $480 (96 remakes × $5 average)
•Total: $510-530 ($0.51-0.53 per cup served successfully)
Unit Cost: $0.07-0.10 per lid
Failure Rate: 2-4% (mostly user error, not material/design failure)
Customer Complaint Rate: 1-2% (minimal, mostly unrelated to lid performance)
Replacement Cost: 3% × 800 daily cups × $4 average = $96/day = $2,880/month in remakes
Reputation Benefit: Positive reviews (“never spills”), brand trust, customer retention
Total Cost per 1000 Cups:
•Material: $70-100
•Failures: $120 (24 remakes × $5 average)
•Total: $190-220 ($0.19-0.22 per cup served successfully)
Savings: Budget tier appears cheaper ($0.03 vs $0.10 lid cost) but actual cost per successful serve: $0.51-0.53 vs $0.19-0.22
Premium Lid Advantage: Save $0.29-0.34 per cup through failure prevention
Monthly Impact (800 cups/day × 30 days = 24,000 cups):
•Budget approach total cost: $12,240-12,720
•Premium approach total cost: $4,560-5,280
•Net Savings: $6,960-7,680/month by investing in quality lids
Intangible Benefits: Avoided negative reviews (1 viral complaint video can cost thousands in lost business), customer loyalty (reliable lids drive repeat visits), staff morale (fewer remakes = less stressful rush periods)
Disposable coffee lids are single-use covers for hot beverage cups, featuring spill-resistant designs (dome height 18-25mm, cross-cut or plug sip-holes), precise cup compatibility (rim diameter ±0.5mm tolerance: 80mm for 8oz, 90mm for 12oz, 95mm for 16oz), and heat-resistant materials (PP withstands 95-100°C, PS 80-85°C, PLA 75-80°C). Cost: $0.03-0.10 per lid depending on material and features. Critical specs: snap-fit security (2-4% pop-off rate for quality lids), leak-proof seal, FDA food contact compliance. Best for coffee shops, delivery services, any operation where spills damage customer experience and brand reputation.
PP (polypropylene) best overall: 95-100°C heat resistance (handles all coffee temperatures), excellent snap-fit security (2-4% pop-off rate), 60-70% recyclable, $0.05-0.08 per lid—ideal for hot beverages and delivery. PS (polystyrene) budget option: 80-85°C heat resistance (adequate for drip coffee, risky for espresso), 8-12% pop-off rate, only 10-15% recyclable, $0.03-0.05—suitable for dine-in and iced coffee only. PLA (compostable) eco alternative: 75-80°C heat resistance (moderate temps only), 6-10% pop-off rate, commercially compostable (27% US access), $0.06-0.10—best for CA/OR/WA eco brands.
Three factors: (1) Rim compatibility—verify cup rim diameter matches lid inner diameter within ±0.5mm tolerance using calipers before bulk orders (prevents 80-90% of pop-offs), (2) Dedicated lids—use single-size specific lids instead of universal (reduces pop-off rate from 12-18% to 2-4%), (3) Material quality—PP provides superior snap-fit strength vs PS (3-5kg removal force vs 2-3kg). Testing protocol: 45° tilt test with hot liquid + vigorous shaking (20 times)—lid should remain secure. Training: Baristas must hear/feel “snap” when properly applying lid.
Depends on material: PP lids recyclable in 60-70% of US curbside programs (resin code #5), PS recyclable in only 10-15% of programs (resin code #6, limited infrastructure), PLA commercially compostable only (90-180 days at 55-60°C facilities, but only 27% US population has access—most go to landfill). Reality: Most disposable lids end up in landfill regardless of material due to contamination (coffee residue) or infrastructure gaps. Best eco approach: PP lids (highest recycling access) or eliminate lids for dine-in (reusable cup programs).
Reclosable slider lids safest overall: (1) Spill prevention—fully sealable during transit (0.5-1% leak rate vs 25-40% for flat lids), (2) Temperature control—customer can close lid between sips allowing beverage to cool to safe temperature (reduces burn risk), (3) Controlled flow—slider opening adjustable for sip rate control. Material safety: PP required for hot beverages (95-100°C resistance, FDA compliant with <0.01ppm migration). Sip-hole safety: Extended cooling channel (5-8mm length) reduces liquid temperature 3-5°C before mouth contact. Cost: $0.08-0.12 per lid, justified for delivery and commuter customers.
Bulk pricing (50,000+ units): PS flat lids $0.03-0.05, PP dome lids $0.05-0.08, PLA compostable $0.06-0.10, PP reclosable premium $0.08-0.12. However, total cost includes failure rate: Budget PS lids ($0.03) with 12-18% failure rate cost $0.51-0.53 per successful serve (including remakes), premium PP lids ($0.10) with 2-4% failure rate cost $0.19-0.22 per successful serve. For 800 cups/day operation, premium lids save $6,960-7,680/month vs budget lids through failure prevention. Best value: PP dome lids ($0.05-0.08) balance performance and cost.
Yes if material appropriate: PP lids work for both (-20°C to 100°C range)—suitable for iced coffee, cold brew, and hot espresso drinks. PS lids work for cold only (heat resistance 80-85°C inadequate for hot beverages). PLA lids marginal for hot (75-80°C max, risky for espresso-based). Design consideration: Iced coffee benefits from straw-slot lids (8-10mm opening) vs hot coffee using sip-hole lids (cross-cut or plug). Cost efficiency: Use dedicated lids per application (sip-hole for hot, straw-slot for cold) instead of universal compromise design—reduces failure rates 40-60%.
Disposable coffee lids require precision engineering matching rim compatibility (±0.5mm tolerance preventing 80-90% of pop-off failures), spill-resistant design features (18-25mm dome height and reclosable mechanisms reducing delivery leaks by 75-85%), and temperature-appropriate materials (PP withstanding 95-100°C for all hot beverages vs PS/PLA limited to cooler applications). The false economy of budget lids—appearing 60-70% cheaper at $0.03-0.05 vs premium $0.08-0.12—reverses when accounting for 12-18% failure rates costing $0.51-0.53 per successful serve vs premium lids’ 2-4% failure rates delivering $0.19-0.22 total cost through prevented remakes and reputation damage.
Key Takeaways:
1.Cup-lid compatibility non-negotiable: Verify rim diameter with calipers (±0.5mm tolerance) before bulk orders—prevents 80-90% of pop-off failures. Dedicated single-size lids reduce pop-offs from 12-18% (universal) to 2-4%, worth inventory complexity for high-volume operations (500+ cups/day).
2.Material drives performance ceiling: PP mandatory for hot beverages 85°C+ (95-100°C resistance, 2-4% pop-off rate, FDA compliant), PS acceptable only for iced coffee and dine-in moderate-temp drinks (80-85°C limit, 8-12% pop-off rate), PLA eco positioning justified only in CA/OR/WA composting markets for moderate-temp beverages (75-80°C max).
3.Spill-proof design critical for delivery: High-dome lids (18-25mm) reduce transit leaks by 60-75% vs flat lids. Reclosable slider mechanisms ($0.08-0.12) eliminate 95-99% of leaks during movement, justify premium for delivery-focused operations where spills generate disproportionate reputation damage.
4.Total cost analysis reveals premium value: Budget PS lids ($0.03) with 12-18% failure rate cost $0.51-0.53 per successful serve including remakes. Premium PP lids ($0.10) with 2-4% failure rate cost $0.19-0.22 per successful serve. For 800 cups/day operation, premium lids save $6,960-7,680/month through failure prevention alone, excluding reputation benefits.
5.Safety and compliance baseline requirements: FDA food contact compliance mandatory (PP and PS compliant, verify PLA supplier certification). Extended sip-hole cooling channels (5-8mm length) reduce beverage temperature 3-5°C before mouth contact, preventing 60-70% of burn complaints. Insulated lid options required for double-walled cup compatibility (prevents false safety signals).
For coffee shops, delivery operations, and beverage brands where customer experience and safety directly impact retention and reputation, professional lid selection delivers measurable ROI—transforming commodity accessories into brand differentiators worth multiples of marginal material costs through prevented failures, enhanced customer satisfaction, and avoided reputation damage from viral spill incidents.
Explore more packaging accessories:
•Paper Cups & Coffee Packaging
Papacko supplies precision-engineered disposable coffee lids to coffee shops, cafés, and beverage brands worldwide. We offer cup compatibility verification, material selection guidance, spill-proof design options, and safety certification documentation to ensure your lids deliver secure, reliable performance.
Get in touch:
Last Updated: November 2025
Content Team: Papacko
Reviewed by: Packaging Safety & Quality Assurance Department